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$Unique_ID{USH00934}
$Pretitle{85}
$Title{The War Against Germany and Italy
Section III Italy (9 September 1943-4 June 1944)}
$Subtitle{}
$Author{Greenfield, Kent Roberts, General Editor}
$Affiliation{US Army}
$Subject{army
troops
allied
italy
germans
mine
fifth
rome
advanced
september}
$Volume{CMH Pub 12-2}
$Date{1988}
$Log{Mine Laying*0093401.scf
Vesuvius*0093402.scf
Army in Rome*0093403.scf
}
Book: The War Against Germany and Italy
Author: Greenfield, Kent Roberts, General Editor
Affiliation: US Army
Volume: CMH Pub 12-2
Date: 1988
Section III Italy (9 September 1943-4 June 1944)
The Allied victory in Sicily helped to bring about the surrender of
Italy. The terms of the Italian surrender were signed on 3 September 1943 and
announced on the night of the 8th. Allied troops received the news on
shipboard while under way to invade Italy. Fighting did not cease with the
surrender. Instead, the Germans took over the country with troops on the spot
and sent reinforcements. The defeat of the Germans in Italy would strengthen
Allied control over the Mediterranean shipping lanes and would provide air
bases closer to targets in Germany and enemy-occupied territory. The Allied
troops in Italy would also engage enemy troops which might otherwise have been
employed against the Russians.
On 3 September, elements of the British Eighth Army crossed into Italy
and advanced up the Italian toe in pursuit of the retreating Germans. On 9
September the main assault was launched when an Anglo-American force, part of
the U. S. Fifth Army, landed on the beaches near Salerno, south of Naples.
Since the enemy had expected landings in the vicinity of Naples and had
disposed his forces accordingly, the Allies encountered prompt and sustained
resistance. By 15 September, however, the Germans started to withdraw up the
Italian Peninsula, pursued on the west by the Fifth Army and on the east by
the Eighth Army. The port of Naples fell on 1 October and the Foggia
airfields about the same time.
After crossing the Volturno River against stiff resistance, the Allies
advanced to the Winter Line seventy-five miles south of Rome. In bitterly
cold weather the troops slogged through mud and snow to breach the series of
heavy defenses and advanced to the Gustav Line. In mid-January the main Fifth
Army launched a new offensive across the Rapido and Garigliano Rivers to
pierce the Gustav Line and advance up the Liri Valley toward Rome.
Bridgeheads were secured across the rivers and footholds were obtained in
Cassino and surrounding hills, but no break-through of the main German
positions was effected. A few days after the initial attack against the
Gustav Line, an Anglo-American amphibious force landed at Anzio and struck
inland with the purpose of compelling the Germans on the southern front to
withdraw. But the Allied beachhead force was contained by the enemy's
unexpectedly rapid build-up and was hard pressed to stave off several fierce
German counterattacks.
After the Anzio front became stabilized and the effort to take Cassino
was abandoned, the AAI (Allied Armies in Italy) regrouped and launched a new
offensive on 11 May 1944. Fifth Army, led by French troops and assisted by
American troops, broke through the main German positions in the Arunci
Mountains west of the Garigliano River while the Eighth Army advanced up the
Liri Valley. A few days later the beachhead force effected a junction with
the troops from the southern front, and advanced almost to Valmontone on
Highway 6 before the axis of attack was shifted to the northwest. After
several unsuccessful attacks toward Lanuvio and along the Albano road, the
Fifth Army discovered an unguarded point near Velletri, enveloped the German
positions based on the Alban Hills, and pushed on rapidly toward Rome, which
fell on 4 June 1944 with the Germans in full retreat. Meanwhile preparations
were being rushed for an invasion of southern France by Allied troops, most of
them drawn from forces in Italy.
[See Mine Laying: Laying an anti-tank mine. The man at left is arming the mine
by pulling the safety fork. This type of mine contained 6 pounds of cast TNT
and had a total weight of 10-2/3 pounds. The pressure of a man stepping on the
mine would not detonate it, but any vehicle hitting it would set it off. Mines
were generally laid at night or on foggy days behind a smoke screen. The task
of laying mine fields at night in the open, almost featureless terrain
resulted at first in many improperly marked fields causing accidents. The
practice was finally adopted of first marking a field, then recording it, and
only then laying the mines. (Antitank mine M1A.)]
[See Vesuvius: The eruption of Vesuvius in March 1944 damaged a number of
aircraft on fields in the vicinity. Fuselages and wings were pierced by
fragments of rock hurled from the volcano. In the foreground is a P-40
fighter-bomber.]
[See Army in Rome: Fifth army entering Rome on 5 June only to continue through
the city in pursuit of the enemy retreating along the roads north of Rome.
During this retreat the Germans were under constant bombing and strafing
attacks by Allied air forces. The roads of retreat were littered with vehicles
of all kinds. (3-inch gun motor carriage M10.)]